KANT, Immanuel.

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Kleine Schriften. First collected edition of any of Kant's writings, comprising seven essays originally published from 1784 to 1791 in the periodicals Berlinische Monatsschrift and Teutscher Merkur. These writings, here extracted and published without his permission, include notable developments in Kant's theories of religion, physics, and geopolitics.The seven essays, all in the original German and listed here in the English translations given by Cambridge University Press, are:a) Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim (1784); Kant's most developed statement of his philosophy of history, including the first articulation of his concept of a united federation of democratic states.b) An answer to the question: What is enlightenment? (1784); ranging across the freedom of the press, the principles of scriptural exegesis, and the public use of reason.c) On the volcanoes on the Moon (1785); modifying his nebular hypothesis of planetary formation to include Crawford's theory of heat.d) Conjectural beginning of human history (1786); arguing that, although human misfortune is ultimately our fault, such trials help to develop humanity's rational capabilities.e) What does it mean to orient oneself in thinking? (1786); Kant's major contribution to the pantheism controversy.f) On the use of teleological principles in philosophy (1788); Kant's third and final essay on the natural history of the human species, including his definition of a human race and its differentiations.g

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