HEISENBERG, Werner.

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Über den Bau der Atomkerne. First editions of the three papers that established the modern understanding of nuclear forces. Heisenberg both proposes a model for nuclear forces analogous to the group theory of atoms and outlines nucleon isotopic spin for the first time, as well as making one of the first arguments for the atomic nucleus being composed of both protons and neutrons.Published in an increasingly fanatical political climate, these papers were printed in several dramatic years for Heisenberg. He both won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics for his foundational work on quantum mechanics, and was also attacked by the anti-Semitic academic lobby Deutsche Physik, to which a number of leading German physicists belonged. The group attacked Heisenberg in the press for his work on quantum mechanics and relativity, both of which they considered to be Jewish creations, and called for him to be removed. Although this culminated in an SS investigation into him later in the decade, Heisenberg nonetheless played a leading role in the Uranverein, part of Germany's nuclear programme, in the Second World War.

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